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References
1 US Food and Drug Administration. Food Chemical Safety. Updated: July 12, 2023. https://www.fda.gov/food/food- ingredients-packaging/food-chemical-safety. Accessed: 22 February 2024.
2 55 Fed. Reg. 3520-01 (1 February 1990). Color Additives; Denial of Petition for Listing of FD&C Red No. 3 for Use in Cosmetics and Externally Applied Drugs; Withdrawal of Petition for Use in Cosmetics Intended for Use in the Area of the Eye.
3 21 USC §§ 348(c)(3)(A), 379e(b)(5)(B)
4 Filing of Color Additive Petition from Center for Science in the Public Interest, et al.; Request to Revoke Color Additive Listing for Use of FD&C Red No. 3 in Food and Ingested Drugs. https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2023-N-0437.
5 The California Food Safety Act. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB418.
6 Dairy products are exempted from this ban in New York.
7 NY Assembly Bill A6424, https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/A6424.
8 NY Senate Bill S6055B, https://www.nysenate.gov/node/12032438.
9 55 Fed. Reg. 3520-01
10 US National Toxicology Program. Butylated Hydroxyanisole. Report on Carcinogens, Fifteenth Edition. 2021. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/roc/content/profiles/butylatedhydroxyanisole.pdf. Accessed: 13
February 2024.
11 Azodicarbonamide breaks down into ethyl carbamate (urethane) which has carcinogenic potential according to the US NTP and the World Health Organization.
12 World Health Organization. Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food / prepared by the sixty-fourth meeting of
the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Food Additive Series. 2006;55. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241660554.
13 US National Toxicology Program. Urethane. Report on Carcinogens, Fifteenth Edition. 2021. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/roc/content/profiles/urethane.pdf. Accessed: 14 February 2024.
14 International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2010;96. Available: https://publications.iarc.fr/114.
15 World Health Organization. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. WHO Technical Report Series.
1995;859. Available: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/10665/37246/1/WHO_TRS_859.pdf.
16 EFSA FAF Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings), Scientific Opinion on the safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2021;19(5):6585, 130 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585.
17 World Health Organization. Evaluation of Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series. 1971;462. Available: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/10665/40848/1/WHO_TRS_462.pdf.
18 Woodling KA, Chitranshi P, Jacob CC, Loukotková L, Von Tungeln LS, Olson GR, Patton RE, Francke S, Mog SR, Felton RP, Beland FA, Zang Y, Gamboa da Costa G. Toxicological evaluation of brominated vegetable oil in Sprague Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2022 Jul;165:113137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113137.
19 EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food, 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to para hydroxybenzoates (E 214- 219). EFSA Journal 2004; 2(9):83, 26 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.83.
20 All approved food additives in the EU are listed in Annex II of the European Commission’s food additive regulation. The European Commission maintains Annex II as a database, which is accessible at: https://food.ec.europa.eu/safety/food- improvement-agents/additives/database_en and searchable at https://ec.europa.eu/food/food-feed-portal/screen/food- additives/search. Absence from this list indicates the substance is banned from use as a food additive in the E.U.
21 REGULATION (EC) No 1333/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2008 on
food additives. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1333/oj.
22 World Health Organization. Summary of Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. 2011. Available: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44533/9789241501170_eng.pdf.
23 81 Fed. Reg. 54,960 (17 Aug 2016). Substances Generally Recognized as Safe.
24 U.S. Government Accountability Office. FDA Should Strengthen Its Oversight of Food Ingredients Determined to Be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). GAO-10-246 2010. Available: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-246.
25 NY Assembly Bill A9295. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/A9295.
26 NY Senate Bill S8615. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/S8615.